Chapter 4-KalÄmī–Historical Books
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Chapter 4
KalÄmÄ«–Historical Books
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Part of the Shi‘ite kalÄmÄ« works have extended the discussion to history in proportion with its importance to the issue of Imamate. The discussions on the Imamate could generally be divided into two sections. A rational discussion to prove the necessity for the existence of the Imam, and a historical discussion to prove existence of divine designation (nass) and the reason for lack of attention to nass by others as well as criticism of the actions of certain companions of the Prophet in this regard. The historical part of these works mainly contains strong criticism of the caliphate and the caliphs, a subject that is referred to as matÄ‘in. The noteworthy point in this regard is that some of these works are kalÄmÄ«-historical and some are historical-kalÄmÄ«, the latter being presented mainly in the framework of hadÄ«th.
An example of the extant works that have been published is the book al-IstighÄthah fÄ« Bida‘ al-ThalÄthah by AbÄ« al-QÄsim al-KufÄ« who is accused of exaggeration. Another is a book written by Sulaym bin al-Qays, which apart from ambiguities with regard to certain narrations, is an early text on the historical defense of the kalÄmÄ« beliefs of the Shi‘ites within the framework of hadÄ«th on the issue of Imamate. Mas‘udi’s IthbÄt al-Wasiyyah, which should definitely be attributed to someone besides the author of Muruj al-Dhahab could also be placed among the hadÄ«thÄ«-historical-kalÄmÄ« works. Among the earliest such works is the brief book al-Muqni‘ fÄ« al-ImÄmah by al-SudÄbÄdÄ« (belonging to the village of SudÄbÄd near Rayy) published by IntishÄrÄt-i IslÄmÄ«, Qum. A famous work of this kind is KitÄb al-ShÄfÄ« of Sayyid MurtazÄ which has been published. Shaykh TusÄ« wrote a new edition of his teacher’s book under the title TalkhÄ«s al-ShÄfÄ«, which has also been published. Several works of Shaykh MufÄ«d also contain numerous historical issues especially concerning the hadÄ«th al-GhadÄ«r and the meaning of wilÄyah and related words spoken by the Prophet on the occasion. Shaykh MufÄ«d’s al-Jamal should be considered a historical- kalÄmÄ« work rather than a kalÄmÄ«-historical one. This book is part of the purely historical works written by the Shi‘ites during the 4th century AH. They form part of the historiographical works concerning a single specific event written by the Shi‘ites of Iraq to record subjects in view. The historical nature of this work cannot be disputed. In fact that Shaykh MufÄ«d has used his knowledge of history as an instrument to prove the viewpoints of the Shi‘ites in his debates with the ‘UthmÄnis and Mu‘tazalites, and thus made pioneering efforts in combining the school of history with the science of kalÄm.
Books that have been written on the history of the Shi‘ites contain kalÄmÄ«-historical discussions. Two works that are quite similar to each other in this regard are Firaq al-ShiÄ«‘ah by Nowbakhti and al-MaqÄlÄt wa al-Firaq by Sa‘ad bin ‘AbdullÄh al-Ash‘arÄ«. These two works contain valuable information on Shi‘ite history. The book al-IhtijÄj by TabrisÄ« could be placed in the same category. It is a work, which in addition to the debates and argumentations, provides valuable accounts of the life of the Imams (‘a). The book al-TarÄ’if fÄ« Ma‘rifah MazÄhib al-TawÄ’if also contains historical information and hadÄ«th in criticism of the rival sects.